![]() ![]() A Black fist logo was also adopted by the northern soul music subculture. The first can represent ethnic solidarity, such as in the Black Power fist of Black nationalism and the Black Panther Party, a Black Marxist group in the 1960s, or the White Power fist, a logo generally associated with White nationalism. Notable examples include the fist and rose, a white fist holding a red rose, used by the Socialist International and some socialist or social democratic parties, such as the French Socialist Party and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. It was an important symbol of workers rights and labor movements, as well as specific labor actions, such as strikes, boycotts, and walk-outs. The raised fist logo generally carries the same symbolism as a hand gesture. Ī raised fist incorporates the outline of the state of Wisconsin, as designed in 2011, for union protests against the state rescinding collective bargaining. The symbol had been popularised in the feminist movement during the Miss America protest in 1968 which Morgan co-organised. Ī raised right fist icon appears prominently as a feminist symbol on the covers of two major books by Robin Morgan, Sisterhood is Powerful, published in 1970, and Sisterhood Is Forever, in 2003. ![]() The raised right fist was frequently used in posters produced during the May 1968 revolt in France, such as La Lutte continue, depicting a factory chimney topped with a clenched fist. ![]() Its use spread through the United States in the 1960s after artist and activist Frank Cieciorka produced a simplified version for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee: this version was subsequently used by Students for a Democratic Society and the Black Power movement. The graphic symbol was popularised in 1948 by Taller de Gráfica Popular, a print shop in Mexico that used art to advance revolutionary social causes. The Republicans showed a raised right fist whereas the Nationalists gave the Roman salute. Ĭhildren preparing for evacuation during the Spanish Civil War (1930s), some giving the Republican salute. It is perhaps best known in this era from its use during the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939, as a greeting by the Republican faction, and known as the " Popular Front salute" or the " anti-fascist salute". The gesture of the raised fist was apparently known in the United States as well, and is seen in a photograph from a May Day march in New York City in 1936. In reaction, the Nazi Party adopted the well-known Roman salute two years later. The use of the fist as a salute by communists and antifascists is first evidenced in 1924, when it was adopted for the Communist Party of Germany's Roter Frontkämpferbund ("Alliance of Red Front-Fighters"). ![]() In the United States, clenched fist was described by the magazine Mother Earth as "symbolical of the social revolution" in 1914. A large raised fist rising from a crowd of striking workers was used to promote a mass strike in Budapest in 1912. Journalist and socialist activist John Reed described hearing a similar description from a participant in the strike. William "Big Bill" Haywood, a founding member of the Industrial Workers of the World, used the metaphor of a fist as something greater than the sum of its parts during a speech at the 1913 Paterson silk strike. Its use in trade unionism, anarchism, and the labor movement had begun by the 1910s. The origin of the raised fist as either a symbol or gesture is unclear. This 1912 poster by Mihály Bíró uses the fist as a symbol of the collective power of the massed workers from whom it rises. ![]()
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